United States District Court,
E.D. New York.
ROBINS ISLAND PRESERVATION FUND, INC., Plaintiff,
v.
SOUTHOLD DEVELOPMENT CORP., Defendant.
SOUTHOLD DEVELOPMENT CORP., Third-Party Plaintiff,
v.
STATE OF NEW YORK, Third-Party Defendant.
No. CV 89-1299.
Feb. 1, 1991.
Nonprofit corporation brought action against New York corporation holding title
to island located in New York seeking declaration regarding ownership interest
and possessory rights in island. Third-party claim was brought against New
York state which had confiscated the island in 1779 pursuant to Attainder Act.
State and New York corporation moved for summary judgment. The District Court,
Wexler, J., held that: (1) Attainder Act of 1779 pursuant to which New York
acquired title to property was valid; (2) action was barred by limitations;
and (3) laches and public policy barred action.
Motion granted.
West Headnotes
[1] States 85
360k85 Most Cited Cases
New York's Act of Attainder of 1779, which declared owner of island convicted of
treason and declared his property forfeited to, and vested in, people of state
of New York, was validly exercised over owner, although British forces occupied
the area at the time of the Act inasmuch as any act taken by a state after July
of 1776 constituted an act taken by sovereign and independent government.
[2] States 85
360k85 Most Cited Cases
New York's enactment in 1782 of legislation abolishing fee tail estates and
converting them to fee simple estates gave New York, which pursuant to 1779
Attainder Act had confiscated island of owner who had fee tail estate, a fee
simple estate in the island and precluded owner's son from retaining future
interest in island despite a 1783 Treaty of Peace between the United States and
Britain which forbade future confiscations of property of real British subjects.
[3] Limitation of Actions 2(1)
241k2(1) Most Cited Cases
Application of New York statute of limitations to action to declare ownership
interest in possessory rights to an island located in New York was proper,
although claim may have been asserted under 1783 Treaty of Peace between United
States and Great Britain since diversity jurisdiction was pled and case was
wholly concerned with title to real property in New York.
[4] Limitation of Actions 44(6)
241k44(6) Most Cited Cases
Action to declare ownership interest and possessory rights to an island, which
was located in New York and which was subject of Attainder Act of 1779 pursuant
to which New York state confiscated island, accrued at the latest when owner,
who had fee tail estate, died and his son could have argued a right to
possession of island and since action was not brought within ten years of that
date, action was time barred. N.Y.McKinney's RPAPL § 1501 et seq.
[5] Limitation of Actions 95(1)
241k95(1) Most Cited Cases
Federal claim accrues for limitations purposes when plaintiff knows or has
reason to know of injury that is basis of his action.
[6] Quieting Title 29
318k29 Most Cited Cases
Doctrine of laches and public policy barred plaintiff's action to declare
ownership interest in land which New York state had confiscated in 1779 pursuant
to Attainder Act; plaintiff and its predecessor in interest had been out of
possession of the island with knowledge of the fact for over 200 years and
plaintiff did not offer any excuse or explanation for extraordinary delay in
bringing the action.
[7] Equity 71(1)
150k71(1) Most Cited Cases
[7] Equity 72(1)
150k72(1) Most Cited Cases
Generally, even given remarkable passage of time, lack of diligence, standing
alone, is insufficient to support claim of laches; party asserting claim also
must establish that it was prejudiced by delay.
*1186 Bertram E. Hirsch, Floral Park, N.Y., for plaintiff.
Kirschenbaum & Kirschenbaum, P.C. by Samuel Kirschenbaum, Garden City, N.Y.,
for defendant and third-party plaintiff.
Robert Abrams, N.Y. State Atty. Gen., by John J. Pickett, Albany, N.Y., for
third-party defendant.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
WEXLER, District Judge.
In the above-referenced action, Robins Island Preservation Fund, Inc.
("plaintiff") seeks, inter alia, a declaration regarding ownership interest and
possessory rights in Robins Island, an island of approximately 445 acres located
in the Peconic Bay in Suffolk County, New York. Briefly stated, plaintiff's
claim is premised on the argument that New York State, in violation of certain
national treaties, improperly confiscated Robins Island in 1779 from plaintiff's
alleged predecessors-in-interest. Plaintiff, a not-for-profit Delaware
corporation with its principal place of business in Maryland, thus claims
present ownership to more than seventy percent of Robins Island. Named as
defendant is Southold Development Corporation ("defendant"), a New York
corporation which currently holds title to Robins Island. In addition, a
third-party complaint naming the State of New York, ("the State"), has been
filed in the action. Currently before the Court are defendant's and
plaintiff's cross-motions for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56(c) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In addition, defendant alternatively seeks
dismissal, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(7) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,
for failure to join necessary and indispensable parties. The State, as third-
party defendant, also moves for various relief, including inter alia, dismissal
of the complaint and summary judgment. After a brief statement of the relevant
background facts, the Court will turn to address the parties' motions, beginning
with the motions for summary judgment made by defendant and the State.
I. BACKGROUND
According to the complaint, one Joseph Wickham purchased Robins Island in 1715.
In 1734, he devised the property to his son Joseph "and to the male heirs of his
body lawfully begotten or to be begotten forever." Complaint at para. 9.
Such a devise created an "estate tail" in Robins Island whereby Joseph Wickham
II held the fee interest in the property for his life, and upon his death the
fee interest would belong to his eldest son. In other words, from generation
to generation, Robins Island would be perpetually inherited by the eldest son in
direct descent from Joseph Wickham, Sr. In fact, upon the death of Joseph
Wickham II in 1749, his eldest son, *1187 Parker Wickham, obtained the estate
tail interest in Robins Island.
On October 22, 1779, at a time during the Revolutionary War when British forces
occupied Long Island, the State of New York passed the Act of Attainder. That
act declared Parker Wickham, among others, convicted of treason, and further
declared that all property owned by those named was forfeited to, and vested in,
the people of the State of New York. Prior to the confiscation, as noted
above, Parker Wickham possessed a "fee tail" estate to various holdings in
Suffolk County, including Robins Island. Plaintiff contests the validity of
the State's confiscation of Robins Island in 1779, and argues that in any event
the 1779 Act of Attainder did not affect any estate or interest held by Parker
Wickham's eldest son at the time. See Complaint at para. 13. More
particularly, as to the former point, plaintiff argues that at the time of the
State's 1779 Attainder Act, ("the Attainder"), British forces occupied and
maintained control over New York City and Long Island. See Plaintiff's Memo at
5. Consequently, plaintiff asserts that New York exercised no sovereignty over
Long Island during the period, and therefore state law had no force or effect.
Id. As to the latter point noted above, plaintiff argues that even if the
Attainder was valid to confiscate Robins Island, the future possessory interest
of Parker Wickham's son remained valid because the Attainder only sought to
confiscate the interest of the individuals specifically named in the statute.
Many of the historical facts are not in dispute, although there is strong
disagreement between the parties as to their interpretation. At any rate, in
1782, New York State abolished fee tail estate interests in land, and upon
enactment of that same legislation, converted those estates to fee simple
estates. In addition, in late 1782 the United States entered into a
Provisional Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, ("the 1783 Treaty"), which was
executed in 1783. According to the complaint, a portion of the 1783 Treaty was
intended to restore all confiscated "Estates, Rights and Properties" to, inter
alia, "real British subjects." Plaintiff further points out that Article V of
the 1783 Treaty provided that persons with any interest in confiscated lands
"shall meet with no lawful impediment in the prosecution of their just rights."
Complaint at para. 16. Furthermore, Article VI of the Treaty prohibited future
confiscations of property. Id.
In May of 1784, the legislature of the State of New York passed an Act for the
speedy sale of confiscated estates, which confirmed the confiscations authorized
by the Attainder and provided procedures for expediting the sale of those
confiscated estates. Thereafter, in August of 1784, the Commissioners of
Forfeiture of the State of New York conveyed Robins Island in fee simple to
Benjamin Tallmedge and Caleb Brewster. See Plaintiff's Affirmation at exhibit
2. According to the complaint, defendant in the action at bar holds title to
Robins Island based on a chain of title which commenced with that 1784
conveyance.
As noted above, one of plaintiff's theories is based upon the argument that New
York exercised no sovereignty over Long Island at the time of the Attainder, and
thus it had no lawful effect over the area. The crux of plaintiff's
alternative theory, based on, inter alia, clauses cited above from the 1783
Treaty, as well as identical language drafted into the final Definitive Treaty
of Peace with Great Britain, is that the 1784 conveyance of Robins Island by the
state was void. More specifically, plaintiff argues that the Attainder
confiscated a mere life interest held by Parker Wickham. Thus, plaintiff
claims that Parker Wickham's son retained his vested possessory fee tail estate
as of the time of the confiscation. Furthermore, plaintiff asserts that
because New York had abolished fee tails in the interim, when Parker Wickham
died in 1785 his son held the exclusive right to the fee simple of Robins
Island. As alleged successors-in-interest to Parker Wickham's son, plaintiff
claims the right to current possession of Robins Island.
By way of clarification, plaintiff is a corporation which apparently has
obtained quit claim deeds from various individuals *1188 who claim to be heirs
of Parker Wickham. All told, the collection of alleged interests is asserted
to comprise an approximate 75% undivided interest in Robins Island. Plaintiff
thereby seeks a declaration that it is the owner of its claimed interest, and
seeks, inter alia, that this Court grant it immediate possession, in addition to
an award of fair rental value during the period of defendant's use and occupancy
of Robins Island.
In response to the complaint, defendant points out that title to Robins Island
has remained stable for over two hundred years, and that plaintiff's action
destabilizes the title to all land formerly owned by Parker Wickham, including
parts of the Towns of Southold, Riverhead and Southampton, New York. Among the
affirmative defenses asserted by defendant are, inter alia: (1) that plaintiff
has failed to name indispensable parties; (2) that the action is barred by the
statute of limitations; and (3) that through adverse possession title has been
acquired by defendant and its predecessors. As noted above, plaintiff and
defendant move for summary judgment, pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure. In addition to defendant's Rule 56 motion, which seeks
dismissal of the complaint, the State moves for various alternative relief,
including dismissal of the complaint, pursuant to Rule 12(b) of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure, and summary judgment. Aside from asserting the
statute of limitations as a time bar, a defense also raised by defendant, the
State additionally asserts that plaintiff's causes of action are barred by the
doctrine of laches.
II. DISCUSSION
Given the unique nature of this case, and the lengthy arguments made by the
parties in their papers, the Court will address only the issues which it
considers to be dispositive of the motions. Accordingly, for the reasons set
forth below, the Court finds that defendant's and the State's motions for
summary judgment must be granted. By way of an outline, the Court will address
the following points in the following sequence: (A) New York's Act of Attainder
of 1779 was validly exercised over Parker Wickham, and at the time New York
conveyed Robins Island in 1784, it held a fee simple absolute interest in the
premises; therefore, the Court finds that plaintiff has no claim under the 1783
Treaty, and that there is no federal question jurisdiction over this case. (B)
Pursuant to the Court's diversity jurisdiction, the substantive law of New York
would apply, and therefore, based on both Supreme Court precedent and New York
law, the Attainder was valid. However, even if the Court were to find that the
Act of Attainder was not valid, application of the state statute of limitations
would bar plaintiff's claim. (C) Even assuming, arguendo, that Joseph Wickham
did retain some future interest in Robins Island, the equitable doctrine of
laches bars plaintiff's claim. Moreover, even if the Court were to find that
application of a state-law time bar was inappropriate, public policy demands
that plaintiff's claim cannot exist in perpetuity and unsettle title to real
property in New York.
For each of the points made below, the Court emphasizes that the summary
judgment standard of Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
controls. Accordingly, it is to be noted that a motion for summary judgment
may be granted only when it is shown that "there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of
law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106
S.Ct. 2548, 2552-53, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Donahue v. Windsor Locks Bd. of
Fire Comm'rs, 834 F.2d 54, 57 (2d Cir.1987); Winant v. Carefree Pools, 709
F.Supp. 57, 59 (E.D.N.Y.), aff'd, 891 F.2d 278 (2d Cir.1989). The burden on
such a motion is upon the moving party to clearly establish the absence of a
genuine issue as to any material fact. Donahue, 834 F.2d at 57. In addition,
the court must resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences in
favor of the non-moving party. Id. With these principles in mind, the Court
notes that many of the factual issues raised by the parties herein involve
questions regarding the interpretation of both *1189 historical documents and
historical events. Therefore, in light of the fact that this case poses a
number of mixed issues of law and fact, albeit ancient fact, and given that no
one involved in this case has any personal knowledge of the great majority of
the facts, the Court views this case as one particularly well-suited to
disposition by motions. Consequently, in consideration of all the
documentation submitted by the parties, the Court finds as follows.
A. Validity of New York's Act of Attainder
[1] As noted above, plaintiff asserts that the Attainder had no lawful effect
on Parker Wickham's interest in Robins Island, since the British forces
allegedly occupied the Long Island area at the time of the Attainder. See
Plaintiff's Memo. at 4-6. However, the cases relied upon by plaintiff to
support this proposition are far outweighed by the Supreme Court cases cited by
defendant and the State, which stand for the proposition that an act taken by a
state after July of 1776 was an act taken by a sovereign and independent
government. Ware v. Hylton, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 199, 224-25, 1 L.Ed. 568 (1796);
M'Ilvaine v. Coxe's Lessee, 8 U.S. (4 Cranch) 209, 212, 2 L.Ed. 598 (1808). It
is of particular significance that the court in Ware upheld a Virginia
forfeiture statute, adopted prior to the Articles of Confederation, which
confiscated certain British property within Virginia. See 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) at
222, 225.
In addition to the United States Supreme Court precedent noted above, the State
cites, inter alia, McGregor v. Comstock, 16 Barb. 427 (1853), aff'd, 17 N.Y. 162
(1858), to support the proposition that the courts of New York have consistently
upheld the various provisions of the Attainder. See New York State's Memo. in
Opposition at 3-6, 8, and cases cited therein. Plaintiff does not sufficiently
raise a genuine issue so as to dissuade this Court from the belief that McGregor
illustrates that New York courts have upheld the validity of the Attainder.
See McGregor, 16 Barb. at 434.
Plaintiff's reliance on United States v. Curtiss-Wright Corp., 299 U.S. 304, 57
S.Ct. 216, 81 L.Ed. 255 (1936) is misplaced. In Curtiss-Wright the court held
that, both prior to and following the Declaration of Independence, the
individual states "never possessed international powers," and thereby
specifically addressed the limited power of the individual states as respecting
foreign affairs. Id. at 316, 57 S.Ct. at 219 (emphasis added). Such a ruling
does nothing to impact the earlier Supreme Court precedent which clearly held
that the states, after the adoption of their respective constitutions and before
the ratification of the United States Constitution, [FN1] had the sovereignty
and authority to create such laws as effected property within their bounds.
Ware, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) at 223-24. Therefore, in spite of the British
occupation, this Court finds that New York's Act of Attainder in 1779 was valid
as respecting Robins Island. See id.
FN1. It is to be noted that New York State's Constitution was enacted in 1777,
prior to the 1779 Act of Attainder.
In addition, plaintiff's reliance on United States v. Rice, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.)
246, 4 L.Ed. 562 (1819), is of no avail. In Rice, the Court held that goods
imported in 1814 to a British-controlled port in Maine, during the hostilities
of the War of 1812, could not subsequently be made liable for taxes pursuant to
the United States revenue laws. Id. at 253. However, Rice dealt with the
imposition of a federally created tax on goods, and cannot be logically extended
to support the proposition that a state could not legislate valid laws governing
property within its borders during a period of occupation. In fact, no case
cited by plaintiff directly held New York's 1779 Act of Attainder to have been
unlawful.
Harden v. Fisher, 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) 300, 4 L.Ed. 96 (1816), cited by both
parties, dealt with issues regarding the Attainder, but ultimately approved of
the confiscation of property, and never found the Attainder to have been illegal
or improper. In addition, *1190 neither Inglis v. The Trustees of the Sailor's
Snug Harbor, 28 U.S. (3 Pet.) 99, 7 L.Ed. 617 (1830), nor Carver v. Jackson, 29
U.S. (4 Pet.) 1, 7 L.Ed. 761 (1830) found the Attainder to be invalid. Rather,
as noted above, Supreme Court precedent supports the proposition that the
Attainder was valid.
This Court further notes that the 1783 Treaty of Peace itself appears to have
recognized the valid confiscation of property, owned by either British subjects
or loyalists, by the individual states, regardless of whether a region was
controlled by the British. Indeed, Article V of the 1783 Treaty specifically
provided that:
It is agreed that the Congress shall earnestly recommend it to the Legislatures
of the respective States, to provide for the Restitution of all Estates, Rights,
and Properties which have been confiscated, belonging to real British Subjects;
and also of the Estates, Rights and Properties of Persons resident in Districts
in the Possession of his Majesty's Arms....
Treaty of Peace, Nov. 30, 1782--August 6, 1783, United States--Great Britain,
at Article V. Therefore, the very Treaty which plaintiff argues was violated
by the confiscation and subsequent sale of Robins Island acknowledged the
authority of the states to confiscate property, and merely recommended to the
states that restitution be provided. See also Orr v. Hodgson, 17 U.S. (4
Wheat.) 453, 463, 4 L.Ed. 613 (1819).
[2] Having established the absence of a genuine issue of fact as to the
validity of the Attainder, the next issue to be addressed concerns the
circumstances of the sale of Robins Island by the State to Benjamin Tallmedge
and Caleb Brewster in 1784. Plaintiff argues that even where the Attainder
validly confiscated Parker Wickham's interest, Parker Wickham's son Joseph
retained a future interest which was allegedly unaffected by the Attainder.
However, based on the submissions of the parties, this Court disagrees.
As discussed above, in 1779 New York's Act of Attainder confiscated Parker
Wickham's interest in Robins Island. The next relevant event, which is
apparently undisputed by the parties, was New York's abolishment of the fee tail
interest in real property. It bears repeating to note that Parker Wickham's
interest in Robins Island at the time of the Attainder was a fee tail. See
supra page 1186. It is plaintiff's contention that the Attainder was limited
in scope to Parker Wickham, and that therefore any further interest held by
another party was not destroyed by the confiscation. See Plaintiff's Memo at 17-
21. Thus, plaintiff asserts that when Parker Wickham died in 1785, his son
Joseph Wickham became vested with a fee simple interest. Id. at 13. According
to plaintiff, any other interpretation would be violative of the prohibition
against "future confiscations" in the 1783 Treaty of Peace. Although defendant
argues that, pursuant to the Attainder legislation, the people of the State of
New York were seized with a fee simple absolute estate in Robins Island, see
Defendant's Memo. in Opposition at 16, even if the Attainder only confiscated
the "fee tail" estate of Parker Wickham, for the reasons stated below any
possible interest of Joseph Wickham was ultimately extinguished.
In 1782, after New York confiscated the property, it enacted legislation which
abolished fee tail estates, and simultaneously converted them to fee simple
estates. Act of July 12, 1782, N.Y.Laws, 6 Sess., ch. 2 (reproduced at id.,
exhibit 2). As plaintiff apparently concedes, the 1782 Act made no provision
for any future possessory interests, and it would defeat the purpose of the
legislation to find anything other than that future interests under the fee
tails were extinguished. Thus, it appears to this Court that New York, which
had confiscated Robins Island pursuant to the Attainder, and thereby held
ownership to Robins Island at the time of the 1782 Act, became vested with a fee
simple estate. Consequently, when New York later sold the property in 1784, it
conveyed a fee simple absolute interest. It is to be noted that Parker Wickham
died in 1785, and although plaintiff argues that Joseph Wickham was entitled to
the property at that point, based on the chronology of the various legislation
*1191 this Court agrees with the State that Joseph Wickham's interest was
extinguished by the law abolishing fee tails. See New York State Memo in
Opposition at 10. As the State points out, plaintiff's reliance on the New
York case of Wendell v. Crandall, 1 N.Y. 491 (1848), is misplaced since that
case involved the interpretation of a later statute. [FN2]
FN2. Plaintiff does not contest that the later statute of 1786 utilized in the
Wendell case actually provided that conveyances made pursuant to the 1782 Act
would remain in effect. See New York State Memo in Opposition at 11.
Overall, in consideration of the papers and authorities submitted by the
parties, the Court finds that there does not exist a genuine issue of material
fact as to the validity of the Attainder and the subsequent sale of Robins
Island to Tallmedge and Brewster in 1784. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex, 477
U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. at 2552-53. In addition, as noted above, plaintiff's
argument that the 1784 sale violated the provision of the 1783 Treaty of Peace
which forbade "future confiscations," is rejected since Joseph Wickham's
interest was extinguished, at the latest, by the time of the 1782 Act abolishing
fee tails. See Act of July 12, 1782, N.Y.Laws, 6 Sess., ch. 2 (wherein tenants
holding title in a fee tail estate were deemed to hold in fee simple). Thus,
based on the above reasons the Court finds that plaintiff's claim is without
merit. Having made such a determination, it is to be noted that plaintiff does
not overcome defendant's reliance on the assertion by the United States
Department of State that the provisions in Articles 4-7 and 10 of the 1783
Treaty have expired, and are of no force and effect. See Defendant's Memo. at
9-10. However, as explained below, even if the Court were to find merit in the
claim, New York's statute of limitations renders the action time-barred.
B. Statute of Limitations
[3] The Supreme Court has established that where Congress has not provided a
federal statute of limitations governing an action, federal courts must apply
the most appropriate state statute of limitations. Johnson v. Railway Express
Agency, Inc., 421 U.S. 454, 462, 95 S.Ct. 1716, 1721, 44 L.Ed.2d 295 (1975)
(citations omitted); Occidental Life Ins. Co. v. EEOC, 432 U.S. 355, 367, 97
S.Ct. 2447, 1254-55, 53 L.Ed.2d 402 (1977) (citations omitted); see also
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation, 470 U.S. 226, 240-41, 105 S.Ct. 1245,
1254-55, 84 L.Ed.2d 169 (1984). Plaintiff argues that application of a state
law statute of limitations in this case would be violative of the 1783 Treaty of
Peace, and thereby violative of the Supremacy Clause in the United States
Constitution. U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2. However, such an argument
presupposes that the 1783 Treaty itself contemplated eternal preservation of
land claims by parties who are neither British subjects, nor individuals
personally seized of any real property interest within their lifetime. For the
reasons stated below, the Court finds that plaintiff's is an untenable position.
Plaintiff asserts that its claim is a treaty-based one, and therefore not
subject to time bar defenses. See Plaintiff's Memo. at 33-39. However, as
discussed above, plaintiff has no direct cause of action based on New York
State's violation of the 1783 Treaty of Peace. Since plaintiff additionally
pleads diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, and since this case
is wholly concerned with title to real property in New York State, see e.g., El
Cid Ltd. v. New Jersey Zinc Co., 575 F.Supp. 1513 (S.D.N.Y.1983), aff'd, 770
F.2d 157 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1021, 106 S.Ct. 573, 88 L.Ed.2d 557
(1985), this Court finds that application of New York law regarding the state
statute of limitations is proper.
Firstly, it is not the Court's view that the 1783 Treaty of Peace contemplated
a scenario such as the one presented in the case at bar. Although the Treaty
did provide that persons with an interest in any confiscated lands would "meet
with no lawful Impediment" in pursuing their claims, in this instance the lawful
impediment is not being asserted against Joseph Wickham, or any other "British
Subjects" in the words of the Treaty, but against a Delaware corporation *1192
207 years later. A reasonable interpretation of the "no lawful impediments"
phrase would not support the theory that the drafters of the Treaty actually
intended that a claimed heir or assignee would remain immune from the countless
other state laws which have been enacted, and therefore the Court finds that
application of the New York statute of limitations is appropriate.
Secondly, the Court finds plaintiff's reliance on County of Oneida v. Oneida
Indian Nation, 470 U.S. 226, 105 S.Ct. 1245, 84 L.Ed.2d 169 (1984), to be
misplaced. In Oneida, the Supreme Court rejected application of a statute of
limitations defense to Indian land claims which accrued in 1795. Id. at 240-41,
105 S.Ct. at 1254-55. However, the Oneida court repeatedly emphasized the
special nature of Indian claims, and noted that the Court had always "recognized
the aboriginal rights of the Indians to their lands." Id. at 235, 105 S.Ct. at
1251. Moreover, the Court discussed in detail the unique federal jurisprudence
which had developed with respect to Indian claims since prior to the
Revolutionary War, id. at 233-36, 105 S.Ct. at 1250-52, and, in acknowledging
Congressional intent and judicial precedent, ruled that the Oneidas cause of
action was based on federal common law. Id. at 236, 105 S.Ct. at 1252.
Moreover, federal statutes which specifically addressed actions brought by
Indians with respect to property further supported the Court's decision. Id. at
240-44, 105 S.Ct. at 1254-56. Thus, the Court found that "the borrowing of a
statute of limitations period in these cases would be inconsistent with federal
policy." Id. at 241, 105 S.Ct. at 1255. [FN3] With respect to the case at bar,
plaintiff has shown no established federal policy, under judicial precedent or
Congressional intent, which would call for a similar result. Accordingly,
Oneida is of no avail to plaintiff. See generally, New York State Memo in
Opposition at 8-9.
FN3. It is to be noted that the Oneida Court did not squarely address the
doctrine of laches as a bar to the claims presented therein, Oneida, 470 U.S. at
244-45, 105 S.Ct. at 1256-57, although the majority indicated its belief that
laches was inapplicable. Id. at n. 16. But see, id. at 255-73, 105 S.Ct. at
1262-72 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (supporting the application of a time bar to
the claims).
In addition, plaintiff's reliance on Karnuth v. United States, 279 U.S. 231, 49
S.Ct. 274, 73 L.Ed. 677 (1929) is misplaced. Karnuth does not stand for the
proposition that there can be no statute of limitations imposed on actions
allegedly arising out of the Treaty of Peace, nor does Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel v. New Haven, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 464, 5 L.Ed. 662
(1823). The facts of the Society case, aside from the fact that they were
being addressed within thirty years of the date of the confiscation, arose out
of a confiscation of British-owned property which took place in 1794, eleven
years after the Treaty of Peace prohibited "future confiscations." Id. at 490.
In short, no cases cited by plaintiff persuade this Court that a time-bar cannot
be applied to this action, were it even established that a valid cause of action
existed.
[4] That being the case, defendant urges that the appropriate analogous cause
of action under state law from which to discern the proper limitation is found
in Article 15 of the New York State Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law,
("RPAPL"). N.Y. Real Prop. Acts § 1501 et seq. (McKinney 1979). That statute
provides for an action to compel the determination of a claim to real property.
Id. It has been held that actions brought pursuant to Article 15 of the RPAPL
are subject to a ten- year statute of limitations. See N.Y.Civ.Prac.L. & R. §
212(a) (McKinney 1990); Downes v. Peluso, 115 A.D.2d 454, 495 N.Y.S.2d 691, 692
(2d Dep't 1985). On the other hand, the state suggests that the appropriate
statute of limitations was provided by the New York legislature in an Act of
1797, which indicated that any person or entity having a claim for land
forfeited to the state due to attainder would have five years from the date of
March 28, 1797 to bring an action. See State of New York's Memo at 3-4.
However, even allowing for the greater ten-year period, it remains *1193
inescapably clear that plaintiff's action is time-barred.
[5] A federal claim "accrues when the plaintiff 'knows or has reason to know'
of the injury that is the basis of his action." Pauk v. Board of Trustees, 654
F.2d 856, 869 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1000, 102 S.Ct. 1631, 71
L.Ed.2d 866 (1982). In the case at bar, the latest date by which plaintiff may
beheld to have learned of any possible claim was May 22, 1785, when Parker
Wickham died and his son Joseph could have argued a right to possession of
Robins Island. See New York State's Memo at 6. Plaintiff claims that it is
the direct successor-in-interest to Joseph Parker Wickham, and yet even
utilizing a liberal approach to the accrual date, the action was brought 194
years too late. Thus, the Court holds that plaintiff's cause of action is
barred by the ten-year statute of limitations as provided by New York law. See
Downes, 495 N.Y.S.2d at 692.
However, even if the Court were to find the statute of limitations
inapplicable, the equitable doctrine of laches, combined with and supported by
public policy, would bar plaintiff's claim.
C. Laches and Public Policy
[6] The state argues that plaintiff's claims are barred by the doctrine of
laches. See New York State's Memo at 8. Although, as discussed above,
plaintiff asserts that there are no time-bar defenses to this action, and that
application of such a defense would be violative of both the separation of
powers doctrine and the Supremacy Clause, this Court has already determined that
application of a statute of limitations is proper and bars plaintiff's claims.
However, separate and apart from the statute of limitations, this court finds
that plaintiff's claims would be additionally barred by both laches and public
policy. See County of Oneida, 470 U.S. at 261-73, 105 S.Ct. at 1265-72
(Stevens, J., dissenting) (wherein Justice Stevens offered a detailed
explanation of, and approval to, application of the doctrine of laches to
ancient land claims); but see, id. at 244-45, n. 16, 105 S.Ct. at 1256-57, n.
16 (suggesting that application of laches to bar Indian land claims is
inappropriate) (citations omitted).
[7] The equitable doctrine of laches focuses on the inquiry of whether the
plaintiff, in asserting its rights, was guilty of unreasonable delay which
prejudiced the defendant. See Gardner v. Panama R.R. Co., 342 U.S. 29, 31, 72
S.Ct. 12, 13-14, 96 L.Ed. 31 (1951) (citations omitted); Lottie Joplin Thomas
Trust v. Crown Publishers, Inc., 592 F.2d 651, 655 (2d Cir.1978); Indep.
Bankers Assoc. v. Heimann, 627 F.2d 486, 488 (D.C.Cir.1980). Generally, even
given a remarkable passage of time such as in the case at bar, "[l]ack of
diligence, standing alone, is insufficient to support a claim of laches; the
party asserting the claim also must establish that it was prejudiced by the
delay." Majorica, S.A. v. R.H. Macy & Co., 762 F.2d 7, 8 (2d Cir.1985) (citing
Costello v. United States, 365 U.S. 265, 282, 81 S.Ct. 534, 543, 5 L.Ed.2d 551
(1961)); see also 30A C.J.S. Equity § 112 (1955).
In the case at bar, it is undisputed that plaintiff and its predecessor-in-
interest have been out of possession of Robins Island, with knowledge of the
fact, for over 200 years. It does not appear that there exists, and plaintiff
does not offer, any excuse or explanation for the extraordinary delay in
bringing this action. Moreover, defendant, along with every prior owner of the
parcel, has relied on the time-honored assumption that no valid claims existed
on behalf of plaintiff. In fact, plaintiff's inexcusable delay helped form the
basis of that assumption, and it is just such a scenario which gives rise to a
charge of laches. See Gardner, 342 U.S. at 31, 72 S.Ct. at 13; Costello, 365
U.S. at 282, 81 S.Ct. at 543; see also County of Oneida, 470 U.S. at 256, 105
S.Ct. at 1263 (Stevens, J., dissenting in part).
Plaintiff does not challenge that defendant and its predecessors have paid the
taxes and maintained the property for more than 200 years. It does not appear
that plaintiff, or its predecessors-in-interest, commenced any action, or even
raised any claim with the State, in that entire time. The approximately 204
year delay in commencing *1194 this action, from the 1784 conveyance by the
state, now threatens to disrupt title to real estate in various parts of Long
Island, aside from Robins Island, which in and of itself can be viewed as
supporting a claim of laches. See County of Oneida, 470 U.S. at 256, 105 S.Ct.
at 1263 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (quoting a passage from Lewis v. Marshall, 30
U.S. (5 Pet.) 470, 477-78, 8 L.Ed. 195 (1831), which noted that "[t]he best
interests of society require that causes of action should not be deferred an
unreasonable time. This remark is peculiarly applicable to land titles.");
see also Lake Caryonah Im. Ass'n v. Pulte Home Corp., 903 F.2d 505, 508-09 (7th
Cir.1990) (applying laches to bar a land claim where plaintiff's 11 year delay
in bringing action caused prejudice by way of, inter alia, defendant having paid
property taxes and insurance costs and maintained the property). For the same
reasons, public policy would further support the application of laches herein.
The Court is mindful of plaintiff's stated purpose. It is worthy of mention
that plaintiff asserts that aside from "rectify[ing] an historical injustice
committed by the State of New York against Parker Wickham and his family," the
present lawsuit is further based on important environmental concerns valued by
the Peconic community. See Plaintiff's Memo at 1. Furthermore, plaintiff
asserts that it decided to take action when it appeared that Robins Island faced
impending development by defendant. Id. at 1-2. Nevertheless, such goals,
which may be seen as admirable, do not come close to justifying what appears to
this Court to be an unprecedented period of delay. As Justice Stevens noted,
dissenting in part in County of Oneida:
Although the mere passage of time, without other inequity in the prosecution of
the claim, does not support a finding of laches in the ordinary case, ... in
cases of gross laches the passage of a great length of time creates a nearly
insurmountable burden on the plaintiffs do disprove the obvious defense of
laches.
470 U.S. at 266, 105 S.Ct. at 1268 (citations, footnote omitted). [FN4]
FN4. It is to be noted that the majority in Oneida, although suggesting that it
would not apply laches to Indian land claims, see note 3 supra, did not directly
address the issue. Furthermore, absent the stated importance and influence of
longstanding federal policy regarding Indian claims, it does not appear that the
majority in Oneida would have necessarily rejected application of the doctrine
of laches in that case. See 470 U.S. at 244 n. 16, 105 S.Ct. at 1256-57 n. 16.
From another perspective, the Court rejects plaintiff's assertion that the
Treaty of Peace would be violated, or improperly amended, by the imposition of a
time-bar to the instant case. From the language of the Treaty itself, it does
not appear that drafters intended parties in the position of Joseph Wickham, let
alone their descendants, to retain claims in perpetuity. In fact, as discussed
above, the Treaty provided that "Congress shall earnestly recommend it to the
Legislatures of the respective States, to provide for the Restitution of all
Estates, Rights, and Properties which have been confiscated, belonging to real
British subjects." See Defendant's Notice of Motion at exhibit D. This Court
agrees with defendant's assertion that such language, "recommending" restitution
of confiscated estates, illustrated a recognition by the creators of the Treaty
that attainders were lawfully enacted. In other words, the Treaty itself
indicated that the individual states were free to either restore the confiscated
estates or not to do so. In fact, as noted above, New York subsequently
rejected such a recommendation and passed an act for the speedy sale of the
confiscated and forfeited estates. See 1784 N.Y.Laws ch. 64 (reproduced at
Defendant's Notice of Motion at exhibit F). Therefore, the language of the
Treaty itself, along with the subsequent legislation passed by New York State,
support a finding that some type of time- bar is demanded, separate and apart
from the persuasive public policy basis for doing so.
Lastly, the extended delay of this claim appears to have rendered the proof of
any lingering questions of fact impossible. To cite but one example, defendant
argues *1195 that Parker Wickham elected to receive compensation for his claim
from the British government, rather than pursue any claim in the courts of the
United States. See Defendant's Memo at 30. Plaintiff more or less concedes
that such an issue of fact now requires speculative arguments due to the passage
of time. See, e.g., Plaintiff's Memo at 63-64 (wherein plaintiff suggests that
the compensation law "was passed out of moral considerations.") As a matter of
equity, such issues cannot now be litigated where there has been an inexcusable
and prolonged delay on the part of plaintiff.
For the reasons stated above, the Court holds that the doctrine of laches would
act as a bar to all of plaintiff's clams, thus requiring the dismissal of the
complaint.
CONCLUSION
As explained above, this Court finds that plaintiff has no claim based on the
argument that New York's 1779 Act of Attainder was invalid as applied to Robins
Island; additionally, there is no merit to plaintiff's claim based on its
alleged position as successor-in-interest to Joseph Wickham, nor in the argument
that the sale of Robins Island in 1784 violated the 1783 Treaty of Peace. To
this finding, the plaintiff has not raised a genuine issue of material fact.
See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. at 2552-53.
However, even if the Court were to find merit in plaintiff's claims, application
of the appropriate statute of limitations would nonetheless render the action
time-barred, and as to this issue the Court finds that there is no genuine issue
of material fact. Id. Moreover, the equitable doctrine of laches would also
stand as a time-bar in this case.
Based on these rulings, the Court need not take a position on the further
defenses raised by defendant and the State, namely, that plaintiff has failed to
join necessary and indispensable parties, pursuant to Rule 19 of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure, and that the defendant has acquired title to Robins
Island based on adverse possession. See Defendant's Memo at 28. Rather, for
the reasons stated above the Court finds that defendant and the State have
carried their burdens and shown the absence of a genuine issue of material fact
sufficient to award them summary judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex, 477
U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. at 2552-53; Donahue v. Windsor Locks Bd. of Fire
Comm'rs, 834 F.2d 54, 57 (2d Cir.1987). Accordingly, plaintiff's motion for
summary judgment is denied and defendant's and the State's motions for summary
judgment are granted. Consequently, the complaint is dismissed; the Clerk of
the Court is directed to close the file in this case.
SO ORDERED.
755 F.Supp. 1185
END OF DOCUMENT
United States District Court,E.D. New York.ROBINS ISLAND PRESERVATION FUND, INC., Plaintiff,v.SOUTHOLD DEVELOPMENT CORP., Defendant.SOUTHOLD DEVELOPMENT CORP., Third-Party Plaintiff,v.STATE OF NEW YORK, Third-Party Defendant.
No. CV 89-1299.
Feb. 1, 1991.
Nonprofit corporation brought action against New York corporation holding title to island located in New York seeking declaration regarding ownership interest and possessory rights in island. Third-party claim was brought against New York state which had confiscated the island in 1779 pursuant to Attainder Act. State and New York corporation moved for summary judgment. The District Court, Wexler, J., held that: (1) Attainder Act of 1779 pursuant to which New York acquired title to property was valid; (2) action was barred by limitations; and (3) laches and public policy barred action.
Motion granted.
West Headnotes
[1] States 85360k85 Most Cited Cases
New York's Act of Attainder of 1779, which declared owner of island convicted of treason and declared his property forfeited to, and vested in, people of state of New York, was validly exercised over owner, although British forces occupied the area at the time of the Act inasmuch as any act taken by a state after July of 1776 constituted an act taken by sovereign and independent government.
[2] States 85360k85 Most Cited Cases
New York's enactment in 1782 of legislation abolishing fee tail estates and converting them to fee simple estates gave New York, which pursuant to 1779 Attainder Act had confiscated island of owner who had fee tail estate, a fee simple estate in the island and precluded owner's son from retaining future interest in island despite a 1783 Treaty of Peace between the United States and Britain which forbade future confiscations of property of real British subjects.
[3] Limitation of Actions 2(1)241k2(1) Most Cited Cases
Application of New York statute of limitations to action to declare ownership interest in possessory rights to an island located in New York was proper, although claim may have been asserted under 1783 Treaty of Peace between United States and Great Britain since diversity jurisdiction was pled and case was wholly concerned with title to real property in New York.
[4] Limitation of Actions 44(6)241k44(6) Most Cited Cases
Action to declare ownership interest and possessory rights to an island, which was located in New York and which was subject of Attainder Act of 1779 pursuant to which New York state confiscated island, accrued at the latest when owner, who had fee tail estate, died and his son could have argued a right to possession of island and since action was not brought within ten years of that date, action was time barred. N.Y.McKinney's RPAPL § 1501 et seq.
[5] Limitation of Actions 95(1)241k95(1) Most Cited Cases
Federal claim accrues for limitations purposes when plaintiff knows or has reason to know of injury that is basis of his action.
[6] Quieting Title 29318k29 Most Cited Cases
Doctrine of laches and public policy barred plaintiff's action to declare ownership interest in land which New York state had confiscated in 1779 pursuant to Attainder Act; plaintiff and its predecessor in interest had been out of possession of the island with knowledge of the fact for over 200 years and plaintiff did not offer any excuse or explanation for extraordinary delay in bringing the action.
[7] Equity 71(1)150k71(1) Most Cited Cases
[7] Equity 72(1)150k72(1) Most Cited Cases
Generally, even given remarkable passage of time, lack of diligence, standing alone, is insufficient to support claim of laches; party asserting claim also must establish that it was prejudiced by delay. *1186 Bertram E. Hirsch, Floral Park, N.Y., for plaintiff.
Kirschenbaum & Kirschenbaum, P.C. by Samuel Kirschenbaum, Garden City, N.Y., for defendant and third-party plaintiff.
Robert Abrams, N.Y. State Atty. Gen., by John J. Pickett, Albany, N.Y., for third-party defendant.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
WEXLER, District Judge.
In the above-referenced action, Robins Island Preservation Fund, Inc. ("plaintiff") seeks, inter alia, a declaration regarding ownership interest and possessory rights in Robins Island, an island of approximately 445 acres located in the Peconic Bay in Suffolk County, New York. Briefly stated, plaintiff's claim is premised on the argument that New York State, in violation of certain national treaties, improperly confiscated Robins Island in 1779 from plaintiff's alleged predecessors-in-interest. Plaintiff, a not-for-profit Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Maryland, thus claims present ownership to more than seventy percent of Robins Island. Named as defendant is Southold Development Corporation ("defendant"), a New York corporation which currently holds title to Robins Island. In addition, a third-party complaint naming the State of New York, ("the State"), has been filed in the action. Currently before the Court are defendant's and plaintiff's cross-motions for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In addition, defendant alternatively seeks dismissal, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(7) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, for failure to join necessary and indispensable parties. The State, as third-party defendant, also moves for various relief, including inter alia, dismissal of the complaint and summary judgment. After a brief statement of the relevant background facts, the Court will turn to address the parties' motions, beginning with the motions for summary judgment made by defendant and the State.
I. BACKGROUND
According to the complaint, one Joseph Wickham purchased Robins Island in 1715. In 1734, he devised the property to his son Joseph "and to the male heirs of his body lawfully begotten or to be begotten forever." Complaint at para. 9. Such a devise created an "estate tail" in Robins Island whereby Joseph Wickham II held the fee interest in the property for his life, and upon his death the fee interest would belong to his eldest son. In other words, from generation to generation, Robins Island would be perpetually inherited by the eldest son in direct descent from Joseph Wickham, Sr. In fact, upon the death of Joseph Wickham II in 1749, his eldest son, *1187 Parker Wickham, obtained the estate tail interest in Robins Island.
On October 22, 1779, at a time during the Revolutionary War when British forces occupied Long Island, the State of New York passed the Act of Attainder. That act declared Parker Wickham, among others, convicted of treason, and further declared that all property owned by those named was forfeited to, and vested in, the people of the State of New York. Prior to the confiscation, as noted above, Parker Wickham possessed a "fee tail" estate to various holdings in Suffolk County, including Robins Island. Plaintiff contests the validity of the State's confiscation of Robins Island in 1779, and argues that in any event the 1779 Act of Attainder did not affect any estate or interest held by Parker Wickham's eldest son at the time. See Complaint at para. 13. More particularly, as to the former point, plaintiff argues that at the time of the State's 1779 Attainder Act, ("the Attainder"), British forces occupied and maintained control over New York City and Long Island. See Plaintiff's Memo at 5. Consequently, plaintiff asserts that New York exercised no sovereignty over Long Island during the period, and therefore state law had no force or effect. Id. As to the latter point noted above, plaintiff argues that even if the Attainder was valid to confiscate Robins Island, the future possessory interest of Parker Wickham's son remained valid because the Attainder only sought to confiscate the interest of the individuals specifically named in the statute.
Many of the historical facts are not in dispute, although there is strong disagreement between the parties as to their interpretation. At any rate, in 1782, New York State abolished fee tail estate interests in land, and upon enactment of that same legislation, converted those estates to fee simple estates. In addition, in late 1782 the United States entered into a Provisional Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, ("the 1783 Treaty"), which was executed in 1783. According to the complaint, a portion of the 1783 Treaty was intended to restore all confiscated "Estates, Rights and Properties" to, inter alia, "real British subjects." Plaintiff further points out that Article V of the 1783 Treaty provided that persons with any interest in confiscated lands "shall meet with no lawful impediment in the prosecution of their just rights." Complaint at para. 16. Furthermore, Article VI of the Treaty prohibited future confiscations of property. Id.
In May of 1784, the legislature of the State of New York passed an Act for the speedy sale of confiscated estates, which confirmed the confiscations authorized by the Attainder and provided procedures for expediting the sale of those confiscated estates. Thereafter, in August of 1784, the Commissioners of Forfeiture of the State of New York conveyed Robins Island in fee simple to Benjamin Tallmedge and Caleb Brewster. See Plaintiff's Affirmation at exhibit 2. According to the complaint, defendant in the action at bar holds title to Robins Island based on a chain of title which commenced with that 1784 conveyance.
As noted above, one of plaintiff's theories is based upon the argument that New York exercised no sovereignty over Long Island at the time of the Attainder, and thus it had no lawful effect over the area. The crux of plaintiff's alternative theory, based on, inter alia, clauses cited above from the 1783 Treaty, as well as identical language drafted into the final Definitive Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, is that the 1784 conveyance of Robins Island by the state was void. More specifically, plaintiff argues that the Attainder confiscated a mere life interest held by Parker Wickham. Thus, plaintiff claims that Parker Wickham's son retained his vested possessory fee tail estate as of the time of the confiscation. Furthermore, plaintiff asserts that because New York had abolished fee tails in the interim, when Parker Wickham died in 1785 his son held the exclusive right to the fee simple of Robins Island. As alleged successors-in-interest to Parker Wickham's son, plaintiff claims the right to current possession of Robins Island.
By way of clarification, plaintiff is a corporation which apparently has obtained quit claim deeds from various individuals *1188 who claim to be heirs of Parker Wickham. All told, the collection of alleged interests is asserted to comprise an approximate 75% undivided interest in Robins Island. Plaintiff thereby seeks a declaration that it is the owner of its claimed interest, and seeks, inter alia, that this Court grant it immediate possession, in addition to an award of fair rental value during the period of defendant's use and occupancy of Robins Island.
In response to the complaint, defendant points out that title to Robins Island has remained stable for over two hundred years, and that plaintiff's action destabilizes the title to all land formerly owned by Parker Wickham, including parts of the Towns of Southold, Riverhead and Southampton, New York. Among the affirmative defenses asserted by defendant are, inter alia: (1) that plaintiff has failed to name indispensable parties; (2) that the action is barred by the statute of limitations; and (3) that through adverse possession title has been acquired by defendant and its predecessors. As noted above, plaintiff and defendant move for summary judgment, pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In addition to defendant's Rule 56 motion, which seeks dismissal of the complaint, the State moves for various alternative relief, including dismissal of the complaint, pursuant to Rule 12(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and summary judgment. Aside from asserting the statute of limitations as a time bar, a defense also raised by defendant, the State additionally asserts that plaintiff's causes of action are barred by the doctrine of laches.
II. DISCUSSION
Given the unique nature of this case, and the lengthy arguments made by the parties in their papers, the Court will address only the issues which it considers to be dispositive of the motions. Accordingly, for the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that defendant's and the State's motions for summary judgment must be granted. By way of an outline, the Court will address the following points in the following sequence: (A) New York's Act of Attainder of 1779 was validly exercised over Parker Wickham, and at the time New York conveyed Robins Island in 1784, it held a fee simple absolute interest in the premises; therefore, the Court finds that plaintiff has no claim under the 1783 Treaty, and that there is no federal question jurisdiction over this case. (B) Pursuant to the Court's diversity jurisdiction, the substantive law of New York would apply, and therefore, based on both Supreme Court precedent and New York law, the Attainder was valid. However, even if the Court were to find that the Act of Attainder was not valid, application of the state statute of limitations would bar plaintiff's claim. (C) Even assuming, arguendo, that Joseph Wickham did retain some future interest in Robins Island, the equitable doctrine of laches bars plaintiff's claim. Moreover, even if the Court were to find that application of a state-law time bar was inappropriate, public policy demands that plaintiff's claim cannot exist in perpetuity and unsettle title to real property in New York.
For each of the points made below, the Court emphasizes that the summary judgment standard of Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure controls. Accordingly, it is to be noted that a motion for summary judgment may be granted only when it is shown that "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2552-53, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Donahue v. Windsor Locks Bd. of Fire Comm'rs, 834 F.2d 54, 57 (2d Cir.1987); Winant v. Carefree Pools, 709 F.Supp. 57, 59 (E.D.N.Y.), aff'd, 891 F.2d 278 (2d Cir.1989). The burden on such a motion is upon the moving party to clearly establish the absence of a genuine issue as to any material fact. Donahue, 834 F.2d at 57. In addition, the court must resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Id. With these principles in mind, the Court notes that many of the factual issues raised by the parties herein involve questions regarding the interpretation of both *1189 historical documents and historical events. Therefore, in light of the fact that this case poses a number of mixed issues of law and fact, albeit ancient fact, and given that no one involved in this case has any personal knowledge of the great majority of the facts, the Court views this case as one particularly well-suited to disposition by motions. Consequently, in consideration of all the documentation submitted by the parties, the Court finds as follows.
A. Validity of New York's Act of Attainder
[1] As noted above, plaintiff asserts that the Attainder had no lawful effect on Parker Wickham's interest in Robins Island, since the British forces allegedly occupied the Long Island area at the time of the Attainder. See Plaintiff's Memo. at 4-6. However, the cases relied upon by plaintiff to support this proposition are far outweighed by the Supreme Court cases cited by defendant and the State, which stand for the proposition that an act taken by a state after July of 1776 was an act taken by a sovereign and independent government. Ware v. Hylton, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 199, 224-25, 1 L.Ed. 568 (1796); M'Ilvaine v. Coxe's Lessee, 8 U.S. (4 Cranch) 209, 212, 2 L.Ed. 598 (1808). It is of particular significance that the court in Ware upheld a Virginia forfeiture statute, adopted prior to the Articles of Confederation, which confiscated certain British property within Virginia. See 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) at 222, 225.
In addition to the United States Supreme Court precedent noted above, the State cites, inter alia, McGregor v. Comstock, 16 Barb. 427 (1853), aff'd, 17 N.Y. 162 (1858), to support the proposition that the courts of New York have consistently upheld the various provisions of the Attainder. See New York State's Memo. in Opposition at 3-6, 8, and cases cited therein. Plaintiff does not sufficiently raise a genuine issue so as to dissuade this Court from the belief that McGregor illustrates that New York courts have upheld the validity of the Attainder. See McGregor, 16 Barb. at 434.
Plaintiff's reliance on United States v. Curtiss-Wright Corp., 299 U.S. 304, 57 S.Ct. 216, 81 L.Ed. 255 (1936) is misplaced. In Curtiss-Wright the court held that, both prior to and following the Declaration of Independence, the individual states "never possessed international powers," and thereby specifically addressed the limited power of the individual states as respecting foreign affairs. Id. at 316, 57 S.Ct. at 219 (emphasis added). Such a ruling does nothing to impact the earlier Supreme Court precedent which clearly held that the states, after the adoption of their respective constitutions and before the ratification of the United States Constitution, [FN1] had the sovereignty and authority to create such laws as effected property within their bounds. Ware, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) at 223-24. Therefore, in spite of the British occupation, this Court finds that New York's Act of Attainder in 1779 was valid as respecting Robins Island. See id.
FN1. It is to be noted that New York State's Constitution was enacted in 1777, prior to the 1779 Act of Attainder.
In addition, plaintiff's reliance on United States v. Rice, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 246, 4 L.Ed. 562 (1819), is of no avail. In Rice, the Court held that goods imported in 1814 to a British-controlled port in Maine, during the hostilities of the War of 1812, could not subsequently be made liable for taxes pursuant to the United States revenue laws. Id. at 253. However, Rice dealt with the imposition of a federally created tax on goods, and cannot be logically extended to support the proposition that a state could not legislate valid laws governing property within its borders during a period of occupation. In fact, no case cited by plaintiff directly held New York's 1779 Act of Attainder to have been unlawful.
Harden v. Fisher, 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) 300, 4 L.Ed. 96 (1816), cited by both parties, dealt with issues regarding the Attainder, but ultimately approved of the confiscation of property, and never found the Attainder to have been illegal or improper. In addition, *1190 neither Inglis v. The Trustees of the Sailor's Snug Harbor, 28 U.S. (3 Pet.) 99, 7 L.Ed. 617 (1830), nor Carver v. Jackson, 29 U.S. (4 Pet.) 1, 7 L.Ed. 761 (1830) found the Attainder to be invalid. Rather, as noted above, Supreme Court precedent supports the proposition that the Attainder was valid.
This Court further notes that the 1783 Treaty of Peace itself appears to have recognized the valid confiscation of property, owned by either British subjects or loyalists, by the individual states, regardless of whether a region was controlled by the British. Indeed, Article V of the 1783 Treaty specifically provided that: It is agreed that the Congress shall earnestly recommend it to the Legislatures of the respective States, to provide for the Restitution of all Estates, Rights, and Properties which have been confiscated, belonging to real British Subjects; and also of the Estates, Rights and Properties of Persons resident in Districts in the Possession of his Majesty's Arms....
Treaty of Peace, Nov. 30, 1782--August 6, 1783, United States--Great Britain, at Article V. Therefore, the very Treaty which plaintiff argues was violated by the confiscation and subsequent sale of Robins Island acknowledged the authority of the states to confiscate property, and merely recommended to the states that restitution be provided. See also Orr v. Hodgson, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 453, 463, 4 L.Ed. 613 (1819).
[2] Having established the absence of a genuine issue of fact as to the validity of the Attainder, the next issue to be addressed concerns the circumstances of the sale of Robins Island by the State to Benjamin Tallmedge and Caleb Brewster in 1784. Plaintiff argues that even where the Attainder validly confiscated Parker Wickham's interest, Parker Wickham's son Joseph retained a future interest which was allegedly unaffected by the Attainder. However, based on the submissions of the parties, this Court disagrees.
As discussed above, in 1779 New York's Act of Attainder confiscated Parker Wickham's interest in Robins Island. The next relevant event, which is apparently undisputed by the parties, was New York's abolishment of the fee tail interest in real property. It bears repeating to note that Parker Wickham's interest in Robins Island at the time of the Attainder was a fee tail. See supra page 1186. It is plaintiff's contention that the Attainder was limited in scope to Parker Wickham, and that therefore any further interest held by another party was not destroyed by the confiscation. See Plaintiff's Memo at 17-21. Thus, plaintiff asserts that when Parker Wickham died in 1785, his son Joseph Wickham became vested with a fee simple interest. Id. at 13. According to plaintiff, any other interpretation would be violative of the prohibition against "future confiscations" in the 1783 Treaty of Peace. Although defendant argues that, pursuant to the Attainder legislation, the people of the State of New York were seized with a fee simple absolute estate in Robins Island, see Defendant's Memo. in Opposition at 16, even if the Attainder only confiscated the "fee tail" estate of Parker Wickham, for the reasons stated below any possible interest of Joseph Wickham was ultimately extinguished.
In 1782, after New York confiscated the property, it enacted legislation which abolished fee tail estates, and simultaneously converted them to fee simple estates. Act of July 12, 1782, N.Y.Laws, 6 Sess., ch. 2 (reproduced at id., exhibit 2). As plaintiff apparently concedes, the 1782 Act made no provision for any future possessory interests, and it would defeat the purpose of the legislation to find anything other than that future interests under the fee tails were extinguished. Thus, it appears to this Court that New York, which had confiscated Robins Island pursuant to the Attainder, and thereby held ownership to Robins Island at the time of the 1782 Act, became vested with a fee simple estate. Consequently, when New York later sold the property in 1784, it conveyed a fee simple absolute interest. It is to be noted that Parker Wickham died in 1785, and although plaintiff argues that Joseph Wickham was entitled to the property at that point, based on the chronology of the various legislation *1191 this Court agrees with the State that Joseph Wickham's interest was extinguished by the law abolishing fee tails. See New York State Memo in Opposition at 10. As the State points out, plaintiff's reliance on the New York case of Wendell v. Crandall, 1 N.Y. 491 (1848), is misplaced since that case involved the interpretation of a later statute. [FN2]
FN2. Plaintiff does not contest that the later statute of 1786 utilized in the Wendell case actually provided that conveyances made pursuant to the 1782 Act would remain in effect. See New York State Memo in Opposition at 11.
Overall, in consideration of the papers and authorities submitted by the parties, the Court finds that there does not exist a genuine issue of material fact as to the validity of the Attainder and the subsequent sale of Robins Island to Tallmedge and Brewster in 1784. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. at 2552-53. In addition, as noted above, plaintiff's argument that the 1784 sale violated the provision of the 1783 Treaty of Peace which forbade "future confiscations," is rejected since Joseph Wickham's interest was extinguished, at the latest, by the time of the 1782 Act abolishing fee tails. See Act of July 12, 1782, N.Y.Laws, 6 Sess., ch. 2 (wherein tenants holding title in a fee tail estate were deemed to hold in fee simple). Thus, based on the above reasons the Court finds that plaintiff's claim is without merit. Having made such a determination, it is to be noted that plaintiff does not overcome defendant's reliance on the assertion by the United States Department of State that the provisions in Articles 4-7 and 10 of the 1783 Treaty have expired, and are of no force and effect. See Defendant's Memo. at 9-10. However, as explained below, even if the Court were to find merit in the claim, New York's statute of limitations renders the action time-barred.
B. Statute of Limitations
[3] The Supreme Court has established that where Congress has not provided a federal statute of limitations governing an action, federal courts must apply the most appropriate state statute of limitations. Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, Inc., 421 U.S. 454, 462, 95 S.Ct. 1716, 1721, 44 L.Ed.2d 295 (1975) (citations omitted); Occidental Life Ins. Co. v. EEOC, 432 U.S. 355, 367, 97 S.Ct. 2447, 1254-55, 53 L.Ed.2d 402 (1977) (citations omitted); see also County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation, 470 U.S. 226, 240-41, 105 S.Ct. 1245, 1254-55, 84 L.Ed.2d 169 (1984). Plaintiff argues that application of a state law statute of limitations in this case would be violative of the 1783 Treaty of Peace, and thereby violative of the Supremacy Clause in the United States Constitution. U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2. However, such an argument presupposes that the 1783 Treaty itself contemplated eternal preservation of land claims by parties who are neither British subjects, nor individuals personally seized of any real property interest within their lifetime. For the reasons stated below, the Court finds that plaintiff's is an untenable position.
Plaintiff asserts that its claim is a treaty-based one, and therefore not subject to time bar defenses. See Plaintiff's Memo. at 33-39. However, as discussed above, plaintiff has no direct cause of action based on New York State's violation of the 1783 Treaty of Peace. Since plaintiff additionally pleads diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, and since this case is wholly concerned with title to real property in New York State, see e.g., El Cid Ltd. v. New Jersey Zinc Co., 575 F.Supp. 1513 (S.D.N.Y.1983), aff'd, 770 F.2d 157 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1021, 106 S.Ct. 573, 88 L.Ed.2d 557 (1985), this Court finds that application of New York law regarding the state statute of limitations is proper.
Firstly, it is not the Court's view that the 1783 Treaty of Peace contemplated a scenario such as the one presented in the case at bar. Although the Treaty did provide that persons with an interest in any confiscated lands would "meet with no lawful Impediment" in pursuing their claims, in this instance the lawful impediment is not being asserted against Joseph Wickham, or any other "British Subjects" in the words of the Treaty, but against a Delaware corporation *1192 207 years later. A reasonable interpretation of the "no lawful impediments" phrase would not support the theory that the drafters of the Treaty actually intended that a claimed heir or assignee would remain immune from the countless other state laws which have been enacted, and therefore the Court finds that application of the New York statute of limitations is appropriate.
Secondly, the Court finds plaintiff's reliance on County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation, 470 U.S. 226, 105 S.Ct. 1245, 84 L.Ed.2d 169 (1984), to be misplaced. In Oneida, the Supreme Court rejected application of a statute of limitations defense to Indian land claims which accrued in 1795. Id. at 240-41, 105 S.Ct. at 1254-55. However, the Oneida court repeatedly emphasized the special nature of Indian claims, and noted that the Court had always "recognized the aboriginal rights of the Indians to their lands." Id. at 235, 105 S.Ct. at 1251. Moreover, the Court discussed in detail the unique federal jurisprudence which had developed with respect to Indian claims since prior to the Revolutionary War, id. at 233-36, 105 S.Ct. at 1250-52, and, in acknowledging Congressional intent and judicial precedent, ruled that the Oneidas cause of action was based on federal common law. Id. at 236, 105 S.Ct. at 1252. Moreover, federal statutes which specifically addressed actions brought by Indians with respect to property further supported the Court's decision. Id. at 240-44, 105 S.Ct. at 1254-56. Thus, the Court found that "the borrowing of a statute of limitations period in these cases would be inconsistent with federal policy." Id. at 241, 105 S.Ct. at 1255. [FN3] With respect to the case at bar, plaintiff has shown no established federal policy, under judicial precedent or Congressional intent, which would call for a similar result. Accordingly, Oneida is of no avail to plaintiff. See generally, New York State Memo in Opposition at 8-9.
FN3. It is to be noted that the Oneida Court did not squarely address the doctrine of laches as a bar to the claims presented therein, Oneida, 470 U.S. at 244-45, 105 S.Ct. at 1256-57, although the majority indicated its belief that laches was inapplicable. Id. at n. 16. But see, id. at 255-73, 105 S.Ct. at 1262-72 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (supporting the application of a time bar to the claims).
In addition, plaintiff's reliance on Karnuth v. United States, 279 U.S. 231, 49 S.Ct. 274, 73 L.Ed. 677 (1929) is misplaced. Karnuth does not stand for the proposition that there can be no statute of limitations imposed on actions allegedly arising out of the Treaty of Peace, nor does Society for the Propagation of the Gospel v. New Haven, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 464, 5 L.Ed. 662 (1823). The facts of the Society case, aside from the fact that they were being addressed within thirty years of the date of the confiscation, arose out of a confiscation of British-owned property which took place in 1794, eleven years after the Treaty of Peace prohibited "future confiscations." Id. at 490. In short, no cases cited by plaintiff persuade this Court that a time-bar cannot be applied to this action, were it even established that a valid cause of action existed.
[4] That being the case, defendant urges that the appropriate analogous cause of action under state law from which to discern the proper limitation is found in Article 15 of the New York State Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law, ("RPAPL"). N.Y. Real Prop. Acts § 1501 et seq. (McKinney 1979). That statute provides for an action to compel the determination of a claim to real property. Id. It has been held that actions brought pursuant to Article 15 of the RPAPL are subject to a ten- year statute of limitations. See N.Y.Civ.Prac.L. & R. § 212(a) (McKinney 1990); Downes v. Peluso, 115 A.D.2d 454, 495 N.Y.S.2d 691, 692 (2d Dep't 1985). On the other hand, the state suggests that the appropriate statute of limitations was provided by the New York legislature in an Act of 1797, which indicated that any person or entity having a claim for land forfeited to the state due to attainder would have five years from the date of March 28, 1797 to bring an action. See State of New York's Memo at 3-4. However, even allowing for the greater ten-year period, it remains *1193 inescapably clear that plaintiff's action is time-barred.
[5] A federal claim "accrues when the plaintiff 'knows or has reason to know' of the injury that is the basis of his action." Pauk v. Board of Trustees, 654 F.2d 856, 869 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1000, 102 S.Ct. 1631, 71 L.Ed.2d 866 (1982). In the case at bar, the latest date by which plaintiff may beheld to have learned of any possible claim was May 22, 1785, when Parker Wickham died and his son Joseph could have argued a right to possession of Robins Island. See New York State's Memo at 6. Plaintiff claims that it is the direct successor-in-interest to Joseph Parker Wickham, and yet even utilizing a liberal approach to the accrual date, the action was brought 194 years too late. Thus, the Court holds that plaintiff's cause of action is barred by the ten-year statute of limitations as provided by New York law. See Downes, 495 N.Y.S.2d at 692.
However, even if the Court were to find the statute of limitations inapplicable, the equitable doctrine of laches, combined with and supported by public policy, would bar plaintiff's claim.
C. Laches and Public Policy
[6] The state argues that plaintiff's claims are barred by the doctrine of laches. See New York State's Memo at 8. Although, as discussed above, plaintiff asserts that there are no time-bar defenses to this action, and that application of such a defense would be violative of both the separation of powers doctrine and the Supremacy Clause, this Court has already determined that application of a statute of limitations is proper and bars plaintiff's claims. However, separate and apart from the statute of limitations, this court finds that plaintiff's claims would be additionally barred by both laches and public policy. See County of Oneida, 470 U.S. at 261-73, 105 S.Ct. at 1265-72 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (wherein Justice Stevens offered a detailed explanation of, and approval to, application of the doctrine of laches to ancient land claims); but see, id. at 244-45, n. 16, 105 S.Ct. at 1256-57, n. 16 (suggesting that application of laches to bar Indian land claims is inappropriate) (citations omitted).
[7] The equitable doctrine of laches focuses on the inquiry of whether the plaintiff, in asserting its rights, was guilty of unreasonable delay which prejudiced the defendant. See Gardner v. Panama R.R. Co., 342 U.S. 29, 31, 72 S.Ct. 12, 13-14, 96 L.Ed. 31 (1951) (citations omitted); Lottie Joplin Thomas Trust v. Crown Publishers, Inc., 592 F.2d 651, 655 (2d Cir.1978); Indep. Bankers Assoc. v. Heimann, 627 F.2d 486, 488 (D.C.Cir.1980). Generally, even given a remarkable passage of time such as in the case at bar, "[l]ack of diligence, standing alone, is insufficient to support a claim of laches; the party asserting the claim also must establish that it was prejudiced by the delay." Majorica, S.A. v. R.H. Macy & Co., 762 F.2d 7, 8 (2d Cir.1985) (citing Costello v. United States, 365 U.S. 265, 282, 81 S.Ct. 534, 543, 5 L.Ed.2d 551 (1961)); see also 30A C.J.S. Equity § 112 (1955).
In the case at bar, it is undisputed that plaintiff and its predecessor-in- interest have been out of possession of Robins Island, with knowledge of the fact, for over 200 years. It does not appear that there exists, and plaintiff does not offer, any excuse or explanation for the extraordinary delay in bringing this action. Moreover, defendant, along with every prior owner of the parcel, has relied on the time-honored assumption that no valid claims existed on behalf of plaintiff. In fact, plaintiff's inexcusable delay helped form the basis of that assumption, and it is just such a scenario which gives rise to a charge of laches. See Gardner, 342 U.S. at 31, 72 S.Ct. at 13; Costello, 365 U.S. at 282, 81 S.Ct. at 543; see also County of Oneida, 470 U.S. at 256, 105 S.Ct. at 1263 (Stevens, J., dissenting in part).
Plaintiff does not challenge that defendant and its predecessors have paid the taxes and maintained the property for more than 200 years. It does not appear that plaintiff, or its predecessors-in-interest, commenced any action, or even raised any claim with the State, in that entire time. The approximately 204 year delay in commencing *1194 this action, from the 1784 conveyance by the state, now threatens to disrupt title to real estate in various parts of Long Island, aside from Robins Island, which in and of itself can be viewed as supporting a claim of laches. See County of Oneida, 470 U.S. at 256, 105 S.Ct. at 1263 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (quoting a passage from Lewis v. Marshall, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 470, 477-78, 8 L.Ed. 195 (1831), which noted that "[t]he best interests of society require that causes of action should not be deferred an unreasonable time. This remark is peculiarly applicable to land titles."); see also Lake Caryonah Im. Ass'n v. Pulte Home Corp., 903 F.2d 505, 508-09 (7th Cir.1990) (applying laches to bar a land claim where plaintiff's 11 year delay in bringing action caused prejudice by way of, inter alia, defendant having paid property taxes and insurance costs and maintained the property). For the same reasons, public policy would further support the application of laches herein.
The Court is mindful of plaintiff's stated purpose. It is worthy of mention that plaintiff asserts that aside from "rectify[ing] an historical injustice committed by the State of New York against Parker Wickham and his family," the present lawsuit is further based on important environmental concerns valued by the Peconic community. See Plaintiff's Memo at 1. Furthermore, plaintiff asserts that it decided to take action when it appeared that Robins Island faced impending development by defendant. Id. at 1-2. Nevertheless, such goals, which may be seen as admirable, do not come close to justifying what appears to this Court to be an unprecedented period of delay. As Justice Stevens noted, dissenting in part in County of Oneida: Although the mere passage of time, without other inequity in the prosecution of the claim, does not support a finding of laches in the ordinary case, ... in cases of gross laches the passage of a great length of time creates a nearly insurmountable burden on the plaintiffs do disprove the obvious defense of laches.
470 U.S. at 266, 105 S.Ct. at 1268 (citations, footnote omitted). [FN4]
FN4. It is to be noted that the majority in Oneida, although suggesting that it would not apply laches to Indian land claims, see note 3 supra, did not directly address the issue. Furthermore, absent the stated importance and influence of longstanding federal policy regarding Indian claims, it does not appear that the majority in Oneida would have necessarily rejected application of the doctrine of laches in that case. See 470 U.S. at 244 n. 16, 105 S.Ct. at 1256-57 n. 16.
From another perspective, the Court rejects plaintiff's assertion that the Treaty of Peace would be violated, or improperly amended, by the imposition of a time-bar to the instant case. From the language of the Treaty itself, it does not appear that drafters intended parties in the position of Joseph Wickham, let alone their descendants, to retain claims in perpetuity. In fact, as discussed above, the Treaty provided that "Congress shall earnestly recommend it to the Legislatures of the respective States, to provide for the Restitution of all Estates, Rights, and Properties which have been confiscated, belonging to real British subjects." See Defendant's Notice of Motion at exhibit D. This Court agrees with defendant's assertion that such language, "recommending" restitution of confiscated estates, illustrated a recognition by the creators of the Treaty that attainders were lawfully enacted. In other words, the Treaty itself indicated that the individual states were free to either restore the confiscated estates or not to do so. In fact, as noted above, New York subsequently rejected such a recommendation and passed an act for the speedy sale of the confiscated and forfeited estates. See 1784 N.Y.Laws ch. 64 (reproduced at Defendant's Notice of Motion at exhibit F). Therefore, the language of the Treaty itself, along with the subsequent legislation passed by New York State, support a finding that some type of time- bar is demanded, separate and apart from the persuasive public policy basis for doing so.
Lastly, the extended delay of this claim appears to have rendered the proof of any lingering questions of fact impossible. To cite but one example, defendant argues *1195 that Parker Wickham elected to receive compensation for his claim from the British government, rather than pursue any claim in the courts of the United States. See Defendant's Memo at 30. Plaintiff more or less concedes that such an issue of fact now requires speculative arguments due to the passage of time. See, e.g., Plaintiff's Memo at 63-64 (wherein plaintiff suggests that the compensation law "was passed out of moral considerations.") As a matter of equity, such issues cannot now be litigated where there has been an inexcusable and prolonged delay on the part of plaintiff.
For the reasons stated above, the Court holds that the doctrine of laches would act as a bar to all of plaintiff's clams, thus requiring the dismissal of the complaint.
CONCLUSION
As explained above, this Court finds that plaintiff has no claim based on the argument that New York's 1779 Act of Attainder was invalid as applied to Robins Island; additionally, there is no merit to plaintiff's claim based on its alleged position as successor-in-interest to Joseph Wickham, nor in the argument that the sale of Robins Island in 1784 violated the 1783 Treaty of Peace. To this finding, the plaintiff has not raised a genuine issue of material fact. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. at 2552-53. However, even if the Court were to find merit in plaintiff's claims, application of the appropriate statute of limitations would nonetheless render the action time-barred, and as to this issue the Court finds that there is no genuine issue of material fact. Id. Moreover, the equitable doctrine of laches would also stand as a time-bar in this case.
Based on these rulings, the Court need not take a position on the further defenses raised by defendant and the State, namely, that plaintiff has failed to join necessary and indispensable parties, pursuant to Rule 19 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and that the defendant has acquired title to Robins Island based on adverse possession. See Defendant's Memo at 28. Rather, for the reasons stated above the Court finds that defendant and the State have carried their burdens and shown the absence of a genuine issue of material fact sufficient to award them summary judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. at 2552-53; Donahue v. Windsor Locks Bd. of Fire Comm'rs, 834 F.2d 54, 57 (2d Cir.1987). Accordingly, plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is denied and defendant's and the State's motions for summary judgment are granted. Consequently, the complaint is dismissed; the Clerk of the Court is directed to close the file in this case.
SO ORDERED.
755 F.Supp. 1185
END OF DOCUMENT